References

I. Primary Sources: Schuman’s Writings & Speeches

• Schuman, Robert. Pour l’Europe (For Europe).
• First published in 1963. This is Schuman’s “political testament.” It details his belief that democracy is a Christian development and argues for a supranationalism that preserves national identity rather than erasing it.
• The Schuman Declaration (9 May 1950).
• French Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Quai d’Orsay). The foundational document of the European project. It contains the famous “de facto solidarity” and “Europe will not be made all at once” quotes.
• Schuman, Robert. Speech to the European Parliamentary Assembly (19 March 1958).
• In his inaugural speech as the first President of the Assembly, Schuman outlines the role of the parliament as the moral and democratic supervisor of the European executive.
• Speech by Robert Schuman at the Council of Europe (Strasbourg, 10 December 1951).
• A critical primary source where Schuman explains that European integration is not about power, but about “peace through the equality of nations.”

II. Institutional & Legal Documents

• The Treaty of Lisbon (2007/2009).
• Official Journal of the European Union. This treaty introduced the “Yellow Card” mechanism (Protocol No. 2) meant to allow national parliaments to check EU overreach—a key point in your “Democratic Deficit” argument.
• The Treaty of Paris (1951).
• The founding document of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). It outlines the powers of the original “High Authority,” which was significantly more independent and sector-specific than the modern Commission.
• European Commission Annual Reports on Subsidiarity and Proportionality.
• Specifically, see reports from 2013 (EPPO case) and 2016 (Posted Workers case) to verify the rejection of national parliamentary objections.

III. Academic & Scholarly Analysis

• Majone, Giandomenico. Europe as the Regulatory State.
• A seminal work on how the EU evolved into a “technocracy.” Majone argues that the EU’s legitimacy comes from its efficiency and expertise rather than direct democratic participation—a contrast to Schuman’s “people-first” model.
• Moravcsik, Andrew. “In Defense of the ‘Democratic Deficit’: Reassessing Legitimacy in the European Union.”
• A famous academic paper that argues the “deficit” is intentional and beneficial, providing a strong counter-point to Schuman’s vision of a more transparent, public-led union.
• Fountain, Jeff. The Forgotten Vision of Robert Schuman.
• Schuman Centre for European Studies (2010). This analysis focuses specifically on the Christian Humanist roots of Schuman’s vision and how they have been replaced by secular technocracy.

IV. Digital Archives & Research Tools

• CVCE (Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l’Europe):
  • An excellent digital library hosted by the University of Luxembourg. Search for “Robert Schuman” to find original letters, draft declarations, and audio-visual recordings of his speeches.
• The Robert Schuman Foundation (Fondation Robert Schuman):
  • A research center that publishes regular “Schuman Papers” analyzing modern EU policy through the lens of Schuman’s original principles.

• The Schuman Project (schuman.info)

  • The Schuman Project is an independent research initiative directed by historian David Heilbron Price. It is arguably the most detailed resource available for anyone looking to understand the “Institutional Gap” we have been exploring. The project acts as a “intellectual watchdog,” arguing that the modern European Union has effectively “hijacked” or “counterfeited” Robert Schuman’s original democratic design.